Muriel Schulz: pieced together an essay that explained semantic degrodation within sexes. Schulz' investigation showed that there were more negative connotations with words that had associations with women compared to those with men. his study was followed up by Julie Stanley, she recorded various negative connotations that were aimed towards individual sexes and extended this to prove how lexis has shifted between positive and negative through identifying their collocations. Her research states that women do not have the ability to shift out of negative space.
Deborah Cameron: Studies show that wherever and whenever the matter has been investigated, men and women face normative expectations about the appropriate mode of speech for their gender. Women's verbal conduct is important in many cultures; women have been instructed in the proper ways of talking just as they have been instructed in the proper ways of dressing, in the use of cosmetics, and in other “feminine” kinds of behaviour. This acceptance of a “proper” speech style, Cameron describes as “verbal hygiene”. This has been the influence for phrases such as "Be more ladylike" as the previous social norms conformed women to be like this.
Cameron does not condemn verbal hygiene, as misguided. She finds specific examples of verbal hygiene in the regulation of '"style" by editors, the teaching of English grammar in schools, politically correct language and the advice to women on how they can speak more effectively. In each case Deborah Cameron claims that verbal hygiene is a way to make sense of language, and that it also represents a symbolic attempt to impose order on the social world.
Sara Mills: investigated the various lexical pairs and how they are lexical asymmetric to one another. She also did further research in the correlation between femininity and politeness and masculinity and impoliteness. Her research considered whether that politeness and manners were hereditary or through the form of environmental factors such as friendship groups and living area.
Cameron does not condemn verbal hygiene, as misguided. She finds specific examples of verbal hygiene in the regulation of '"style" by editors, the teaching of English grammar in schools, politically correct language and the advice to women on how they can speak more effectively. In each case Deborah Cameron claims that verbal hygiene is a way to make sense of language, and that it also represents a symbolic attempt to impose order on the social world.
Sara Mills: investigated the various lexical pairs and how they are lexical asymmetric to one another. She also did further research in the correlation between femininity and politeness and masculinity and impoliteness. Her research considered whether that politeness and manners were hereditary or through the form of environmental factors such as friendship groups and living area.
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